Effects on gender identity of prenatal androgens and genital appearance: evidence from girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Intersex and gender assignment the third way?. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association 2013.Īhmed SF, Morrison S, Hughes IA.
#PRONLEMS WITH GENDER IDENTIYU THEROY MANUAL#
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. Childhood gender nonconformity: a risk indicator for childhood abuse and posttraumatic stress in youth. Roberts AL, Rosario M, Corliss HL, Koenen KC, Austin SB. Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome Despite Partial Loss of Androgen Function Due to L712V Mutation in the Androgen Receptor Gene.
Rajender S, Gupta NJ, Chakrabarty B, Singh L, Thangaraj K. Male patients with partial androgen insensitivity syndrome: a longitudinal follow-up of growth, reproductive hormones and the development of gynaecomastia. Hellmann P, Christiansen P, Johannsen TH, Main KM, Duno M, Juul A. Clinical Presentation of Klinefelter's Syndrome: Differences According to Age. Pacenza N, Pasqualini T, Gottlieb S, Knoblovits P, Costanzo PR, Stewart Usher J, et al. Children and adolescents with gender identity disorder referred to a pediatric medical center. Spack NP, Edwards-Leeper L, Feldman HA, Leibowitz S, Mandel F, Diamond DA, et al. Assessing gender identity concerns in children and adolescents: evaluation, treatments, and outcomes. Demographics, behavior problems, and psychosexual characteristics of adolescents with gender identity disorder or transvestic fetishism. Zucker KJ, Bradley SJ, Owen-Anderson A, Kibblewhite SJ, Wood H, Singh D, et al. It is necessary to understand the varied pathways that lead to a mature and congruent gender role in order to fully assess a person's behavioral health. In the realm of pediatrics, recognition of gender identity is a process rather than a particular milestone, and variance from societal norms can cause distress to both the child and the child's family. However, physicians should remember that all individuals possess a gender identity and that the process of becoming aware of it is an important part of the psychosocial development of a child. The topic of gender identity is often discussed merely in terms of dysfunction, and the diagnosis of gender identity disorder is a known phenomenon in both children and adults. In order to understand gender identity development and related issues, definitions must be emphasized for clarity. It is important also to note that cultural differences abound in the expression of one's gender role, and, in certain societies, such nuances in accepted gender norms can also play some part in the definition of gender identity. Assessing the acquisition of this congruity, or recognizing incongruity (resulting in gender-variant behavior), is important in the developing child. In most individuals, gender identity and gender role are congruous. Thus, gender role is often an outward expression of gender identity, but not necessarily so.
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